Operational Definition Of Compensation And Presentation...

3.2. Research Design 3.2.1. Operational Definition of Variables As it is indicated in the objectives of the study the researcher tried to mention some operational variables. The first one is procedures in this study it shows the steps or activities through which the compensation processes should pass. The second is landholder, in this regard as it is indicated in Ethiopian Constitution, 1995, Art.40 (3) land is belongs to the state and the people of Ethiopia in common. So individually landholding right is given for land property but not ownership right. Thus it has to be understood in this concept. 3.2.2. Research Approach This study was designed to address the assessment of compensation practices for rural land expropriation in Adea†¦show more content†¦Five concerned local officials were also purposely selected for interviews to get detail information. 3.4.1. Documentary Review Documentary review began with the review and analysis of existing documents of different sources: policies, programs, expropriation laws and regulation of Ethiopia and reports pertaining to real property valuation related compensation .This review provided valid empirical bases for the study. 3.4.2. Interview Interviews with five leaders of concerned offices (woreda Administration, Land Administration and Investment through structured questions are deployed to explore respondent’s sincere feelings and perceptions about the problem under study was conducted, and to gather information explain issues at their proper unstructured place. 3.4.3. Questionnaires The purpose of the questionnaire is to generate comprehensive information from as many households as possible and valuation committee which are organized from woreda Administration, Land Administration, Investment offices. Accordingly, quantitative data is gathered from household using closed-ended and structured questionnaires. The questionnaires were designed with multiple-choice responses mainly structured to address each research question. Open-ended questions seeking commentary, suggestions and recommendations related to the study generally are also included. It was conducted on a house-to-house basis by trainedShow MoreRelatedManagement Advisory Services Review2269 Words   |  10 Pagesmanagement accounting systems 1. Nature and classification of costs 2. Basics of cost behavior; cost classification on financial statements; flow of costs in manufacturing, commercial, trading or service companies 3. Splitting mixed costs - high-low method, least-squares regression, scatter graph 4. System design: Job order costing and process costing 5. System design: Activity-based costing and management; rationale, advantages, limitations and design of an ABC system. c. Variable costing and absorptionRead MoreThe Effect Of Pay Level On Job Performance Of Call Center Employees Essay858 Words   |  4 Pagescomprises six different sections. These include the introduction, literature review, analysis approach, results, discussion, and conclusion. It is important that these sections are well knit to ensure a logical flow of ideas and clarity in the presentation of the research report. The following section shows the research outline. Topic: The Effect of Pay Level on Job Performance of Call Center Employees I Introduction The introduction describes the problem under investigation and its importanceRead MoreThe Case Of Enron And Arthur Andersen Co1829 Words   |  8 Pagesrecuperate and come back again. According to Business Dictionary bankruptcy is a legal procedure for liquidating a business or personal property owned by an individual that cannot entirely pay its debts out of its current assets (What Is Bankruptcy? Definition and Meaning). Two main objectives of bankruptcy are settling fair of all legal claims through equitable distribution and providing the debtor an opportunity to start fresh. The case of Enron and Arthur Andersen Co. relates to what it is to experienceRead MoreMayo Clinic Case7138 Words   |  29 Pagesnecessary to deliver services at the highest quality. Currently, the HR team at Mayo is a major player in helping to maintain and build a culture of teamwork. Workforce planning, employee recruitment and selection, training and development, compensation and benefits, and performance management are key areas in which HR strategies are used to develop and reinforce Mayo’s Model of Patient Care. The founders of Mayo have established the mission to â€Å"provide the best care to every patient every dayRead MorePerformace Appraisal Methods in Relience, Maruti, Infosis, Wipro8784 Words   |  36 Pages 11 6. Sampling 12 7. Methodology 13 8. Operational definition of HR concept 14 -18 9. Industry profile 19 10. Company profile 21Read MoreEconomic Capital15885 Words   |  64 PagesECONOMIC CAPITAL TO REGULATORY/RATING AGENCY CAPITAL 21 VII. CURRENT APPROACHES TO CALCULATING ECONOMIC CAPITAL....................23 VIII. CURRENT APPROACHES TO ALLOCATION OF ECONOMIC CAPITAL ................37 APPENDICES Appendix 1: A Theoretical Method of Calculating EC Appendix 2: Industry Survey on EC Appendix 3: Review of Literature Specialty Guide on Economic Capital 1 I. Foreword This Specialty Guide on Economic Capital is a work in progress. It was made available in June ofRead MoreEmployee Retention14999 Words   |  60 PagesRetention Factors†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 1.4 Employee Retention Strategies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.16 1.5 Introduction to Business Intelligence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 1.5.1 Business intelligence definitions by various authors†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...23 1.5.2 Business Value of Business Intelligence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26 1.6 Maturity Model†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.28 1.7 TDWI’s BusinessRead MoreCapstone Project15365 Words   |  62 Pages........................................................................................ 7 The Research Proposal .................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1: Definition of the Problem ............................................................................................. 8 Chapter 2: Literature Review .......................................................................................................Read MoreAsc 330-108552 Words   |  35 Pagesdifferent definitions, some of which may not be appropriate for a particular Subtopic. For any particular Subtopic, users should only use the glossary terms included in the particular Subtopic Glossary Section (Section 20). Direct Effects of a Change in Accounting Principle Those recognized changes in assets or liabilities necessary to effect a change in accounting principle. An example of a direct effect is an adjustment to an inventory balance to effect a change in inventory valuation method. RelatedRead MoreEssay on Cisco Culture4287 Words   |  18 Pagesone of the world’s leading high technology companies which is spread over 165 countries and has more than 65,000 employees in different hierarchical levels and features in FORTUNE 100 companies. The paper will demonstrate a cultural and operational assessment and analyze whether organization’s behavior fits the organizational development theory. Analysis will help in determining organizational philosophy, mission, vision, values and the work environment. It will enlighten the teaching and

Ethical Issues Of The Business Industry Essay - 1559 Words

To what extent is it possible to be fully ethical in business without any controversy and or discrimination? What are the main issues that we as employees must address and confront? What are the main ethical pressures facing in the business industry and how might these be addressed and overcome in the world of business? We may never know because Ethics questions morality, whether something is ethical or unethical, right or wrong, good or evil, aim for justice, etc. Each person may have their own different opinion, causing ethics to be a moral value to what feels right. It seems that every day in the news we are hearing of new company that has acted at least unethically and possibly illegally in the operation and financial reporting of their company s business dealings. There are many ethical issues in business. But in a business stand point the top 5 are discrimination, accounting, employee theft, abusive behavior, and misusing company time. Speaking of the top 5 ethical issues in bu siness today one of them are discrimination. Research that was conducted by the National Conference for Community and Justice, that approximately 70 percent of Americans accept that there are racism issues in the workplace. It is based on a test stating that it may be formed by bad or unconfutable feelings at work, as well as reduced productivity. Discrimination is based on so many things in the work force such as a person’s ethnicity, race, placement of employees, and hiring. TheShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues Within The Business Industry Essay1831 Words   |  8 Pages To what extent does it mean to be fully ethical in business without any controversy or discrimination? What are the main issues that most employees must address and confront to make for a better business or workforce? What are the common ethical pressures that are being faced in the business industry and how might we be able to address and overcome not only in the current businesses that we work in but the e ntire world? We may never know because there are two sides to each story the good or theRead MoreEthical Issues in the Insurance Industry1326 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Issues in the Insurance Industry Jeff Bolling Columbia College Abstract Ethical behavior is crucial to preserving not only the trust on which insurance transactions are based, but also the public’s trust in the insurance industry as a whole. Sometimes the push to act unethically comes from the consumer. How many consumers expect their insurance agents to falsify their applications or claims? You like your agent, he or she likes you, they really want to help you out, that’s justRead MoreApple Inc. Ethical Issues1537 Words   |  7 PagesApple’s ethical success and challenges. First I will discuss how Apple’s philosophy and organizational culture have impacted how it handles ethical decisions. Secondly, I will talk about why Apple’s industry is so competitive and how this could affect the ethical risk in Apple’s operations. Lastly, I will share my opinion about how Apple has handled the various ethical issues that it has faced in the past. Apple’s philosophy and organizational culture have impacted how it handles ethical decisionsRead MoreLegal Ethical and Regulatory Issues1479 Words   |  6 PagesLegal, Ethical Regulatory Issues The online banking industry is a growing and a continually evolving business. This paper will identify and describes the legal, ethical, and regulatory issues that impact online banking the Websites. Business ethics examines ethical rules and principles within a commercial context involved in e-commerce are faced with the same if not more legal issues as any other business; these issues include, but are not limited to jurisdiction, contract, and legitimacyRead MoreBusiness Ethics: Case Studies1238 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Business Ethics Table of Contents Case 1: Monsanto Attempts to Balance Stakeholder Interests. 3 Case 3: Wal-Mart: The Future is Sustainability. 4 Case 6: AIG: Coping with financial and ethical risks. 4 Case 7: Microsoft Manages Legal and Ethical Issues. 5 Case 1: Monsanto Attempts to Balance Stakeholder Interests. Monsanto is a world renowned organization dealing in agriculture products. The seeds produced by the business are genetically modified. The genetically modified agriculturalRead MoreBusiness Ethics : Ethics And Social Code Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Business ethics is a form of ethics which is applied in the field of business and it deals with the ethical issues and principles arising in a business background. In short business ethics means to carry on business for the human welfare and the benefit of the society. Business ethics is the study of business situations, activities and decisions where issues of right and wrong are addressed (Trevino.,1986)†. 1. Nature of Business ethics: The following are the features of business ethics:Read MoreInternal And External Factors Affecting Mcdonalds1468 Words   |  6 Pagesin the fast food industry, a very complex environment is created for McDonald’s. There are various internal and external environmental factors affecting the functions of McDonald’s corporation and demands for new innovations. The factors are as follows: Internal Factors: Internal factors are the factors within the company, which affects the success and operation of business. The company can control these factors. Effective internal management is the key to the successful business. 1. Employees:Read MoreThe Ethical And Moral Nature Of Products And Services917 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world of business may have noticed constant changes within industry along with increasing complex factors stemming from the altering dynamics of the society and culture. As a result, managers and stakeholders have to apply sophisticated quantitative and qualitative methods in trying to conjure up a business model that will incorporate all variables and lead to the best possible outcomes for sustainability and growth in a given sector. Some of the emerging issues relate to the ethical and moral natureRead MoreEthical Issues Of Marketing Field Of Australia1450 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Issues in Marketing Field of Australia Introduction: Ethics is the principle of differentiating between right and wrong. In business and marketing process, a number of ethical issues are involved that may have a positive or negative impact on the company. The term Ethical marketing is not only a marketing strategy but also a philosophy. It encourages a company representative to be honest, fair, and responsible in all advertising. It also includes communication skill, leadership skill, teamworkRead MoreMoral Ethics And Values Based Dilemmas871 Words   |  4 Pagesdilemmas are ethical principles that difficult to handle at a workplace when employees have to choose what is wrong and right according to their own ethics. An effective ethics program must complement the values of the organization along with the values in the law. Good ethical behavior for any business is always a fundamental to its success. The main key for business owners and managements is to ensure all employees understand all the ethics. This paper discus ses how Bank of America ethical principles

Science for Shaping the Future of India Free Essays

The theme of this Congress, `Science for Shaping the Future of India`, reflects the dream of every generation of Indian scientists. Faster growth over the next few decades, more sustainable development based on food and energy security, and socio-economic inclusion made possible by rapid growth of basic social services, such as education and health, are all crucial for defining India’s future. Science, technology and innovation all have an important role to play in achieving these objectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Science for Shaping the Future of India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Science and technology development have been central to the phenomenal material advancement and efficiency in the use of resources seen in the last hundred years. The pace of change has only accelerated in the last few decades, as globalization and new technology have enhanced people’s access to knowledge and their ability to leverage it through collaboration. India has benefited from this epochal transformation by embracing these trends. Since technological changes typically emanate from established structures, they may at times re-inforce them and inhibit the advancement of equity and equality. As India seeks a sustained growth of its national income, we must endeavour to harness the tools of science to cater to the needs of the underprivileged and to bridge the gap between the haves and the have-nots. Nearly 65 percent of our people live in rural areas. The increase in their living standards depends greatly on the growth of agricultural production and productivity. The Twelfth Five Year Plan assumes that a sustained growth of our agriculture at the rate of 4 percent per annum is essential for the achievement of food security for our country. This growth is constrained by shortages of water and also of land. We need new breakthroughs in water-saving technologies of cultivation, enhancement of land productivity and development of climate-resilient varieties. This transformation of agriculture must be the top priority concern of our public policies, including science and technology policies. In keeping with the theme of this Congress, the question naturally arises as to what we should do to build our future through science? I would like to share a few ideas. First, we must, as a society, enhance the spread of what Jawaharlal Nehru used to describe as the scientific temper. Our younger generations must adopt a science-based value-system in order to benefit from what science can offer and to make up for lost time. Complex issues, be they genetically modified food or nuclear energy or exploration of outer space, cannot be settled by faith, emotion and fear but by structured debate, analysis and enlightenment. A scientific approach and understanding of these issues are therefore as vital as our core scientific capabilities. For this, we must invest in popularizing science, not only in our schools and colleges – as we are doing through the INSPIRE programme – but also in our homes, workplaces and communities through all available communication methods, like the high-speed optical fibre National Knowledge Network. Eventually, science must help in establishing an inclusive society that seeks to solve major social problems through the application of science. Second, our scholarship and research must be informed by a keen awareness of our basic social and economic realities. Given the limited resources that we, as a nation, are able to devote to scientific research, it is imperative that we give priority to meeting those challenges which are fundamental to the transformation of our economy. I have already referred to the need to transform India’s agriculture. But there are other equally valid concerns as well which require priority attention. The quest for energy security, sanitation, provision of safe drinking water, labour intensive manufactures and universal healthcare at affordable cost are other areas of high priority concern. Our effort should be to carve out a niche for India’s leadership in some of these areas. Indian industry must play an active part in this process through in-house research centres and, more importantly, through enhanced academia-industry interaction. Third, a holistic organizational approach is essential. There was a time when science took a lonely road, driven by individual enterprise rather than collective effort. This is sub-optimal in the innovation and knowledge-intensive world that is empowering the growth process today. We need cross-fertilization of disciplines and synergy among stakeholders. Government-sponsored research must be supplemented by research in private labs. Academic and research systems must foster innovation and entrepreneurship and therefore link up with those interested in commercial development. In the last few years, we have taken some policy measures in this direction. We have encouraged sharing of and access to Government-owned data for research. We have also created new mechanisms like Innovation Complexes, Technology Business Incubator and Innovation Universities in an effort to bring about convergence of interests among the various players in science. Fourth, international collaboration is vital for increasingly resource-intensive modern science to progress. Economic liberalization and economic growth over the last several years have made it possible for our scientists to collaborate meaningfully and confidently in the international arena. Let me cite only two outstanding examples. There was significant Indian collaboration with the European Centre for Nuclear Research on the Large Hadron Collider, which led to the discovery of what is believed to be the elusive Higgs boson. The other example is our work with a select group of countries on the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. We must partner not only with established leaders in science and technology, but also with emerging innovation powerhouses, many of them in our region. We must also offer our expertise to our neighbours for collective prosperity and progress. Finally, the quality of our scientific institutions will depend upon the quality of the students we can attract into science, the freedom we give them in pursuing scientific research and the human resource policies we follow in selecting leaders. We must select only the best and we must expand our search to the many Indian scientists abroad who may wish to return to India at least for some years. The solution of even the simplest of problems related to humanity’s pressing needs often requires first-rate fundamental research. During the last eight years, we have tried to fill this gap by expanding the infrastructure of our scientific research and innovation. We have established five new Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research, eight new Indian Institutes of Technology, sixteen new Central Universities, ten new National Institutes of Technology, six new RD institutions in the field of biotechnology and five institutions in other branches. It is my hope that all this will significantly raise the quality of scientific research in our country. Given that science-led innovation is the key to development, the National Innovation Council has also brought the domain of innovation to the foreground, helping translation of knowledge into usable solutions. The Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2013 released here today aspires to position India among the top five global scientific powers by the year 2020. It is an ambitious goal. It aims to produce and nurture talent in science, to stimulate research in our universities, to develop young leaders in the field of science, to reward performance, to create a policy environment for greater private sector participation in research and innovation and to forge international alliances and collaborations to meet the national agenda. The Twelfth Five Year Plan, which was approved by the NDC a few days ago, outlines a number of initiatives which will make this possible. An important step in this direction in the Eleventh Plan was the establishment of the National Science and Engineering Research Board as an autonomous funding body. As pointed out in the Twelfth Plan, this institution proposes to invest in researches of proven track record and establish about 200 to 250 centres based on a grant model with performance reward linkages. I would like to conclude by recalling Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore’s immortal lines in which he prayed for a future India where, among other things, a â€Å"clear stream of reason† would prevail. I am confident that, in the next five days, this confluence of leading lights of science from home and abroad will throw up useful ideas on how science will shape the future of India. As the Indian Science Congress crosses another milestone, let us pledge to keep alive the passion of its architects for truth that is eternal and beautiful and their dream to lead India to greater heights of knowledge. Let me also take this occasion to wish all those gathered here a very Happy New Year. † How to cite Science for Shaping the Future of India, Papers

The Parthenon The Nashville Replica Essay Example For Students

The Parthenon The Nashville Replica Essay When deciding on what to write about, I did not have to think very long. I have been to the Parthenon not the Parthenon in Athens, but the Parthenon replica in Nashville, Tennessee. This is a full size replica of what the real Parthenon is like. Although it is not the actual building it has all of the grandiose that I can imagine the original has atop the Acropolis. I was able to walk through this replica and standing in the middle of the building was a huge Athena figure covered in gold. The outside of the building is lined with the columns such as the original had when it was standing tall. The prominence that the replica had I could only imagine the greatness that the original held, this led me to this research paper about the Parthenon its architecture and historical meaning. The Great Phidias was one of the men behind the idea and design of the Parthenon. Phidias was known not only as a Greek sculptor but a painter and architect as well. He was also the sculptor of the giant Athena figure that was house within the Parthenon as well as one of the Seven Wonders of the World which is the statue of Zeus he had also done. Having this man be a part of the building of the Parthenon just goes to show how the Parthenon was bound for greatness. Another man that is credited for taking part in the architectural side of the building of the Parthenon was Ictinus. Ictinus was an architect who was not only known for the Parthenon but the Temple of Apollo at Bassae. This is also may have been one of the reasons for the Doric style of architecture which is seen in most of his works. Then there was a man named Callicrates who was another of the architects that were in charge of the Parthenon build. Callicrates was also known for the design of the Temple of Athena Nike which was located on the Athenian Acropolis. The Parthenon is an iconic piece of architecture in the Greek culture. The fact that the ancient Greeks were able to create such an iconic piece of work in a time where there were no modern technologies i. e. cranes, dozers, etc. The focus is to dig deeper into the reasons for the Parthenon and why the Greeks felt the need to build such a thing, why that location, and what purpose the building had served for the Greeks. Looking into these questions the reader will be able to better understand what the true purpose and shear greatness that the Parthenon stood for in the eyes of the ancient Greeks. The Parthenon was first constructed atop the Acropolis6 in 447 BC where the base had spanned 69. 5 meters by 30. 9 meters. The Parthenon was constructed in order to house the Greek goddess of Athena. Athena was born from the head of Zeus. Athena was considered an Olympia goddess of war, reason, intelligence, also arts and literature. The statue of Athena was made of gold and ivory along with polychrome9 details within the figure. There was a large rectangular area that was at the feet of Athena which was filled with water creating a refection pool within the structure. The Athena structure was not the only magnificent piece of work when discussing the Parthenon, which brings us to the next feat which is the Architecture and construction of the Parthenon. The Parthenon that sits atop the acropolis was constructed of 17 columns that ran along the sides of the building and as can be seen in many different pictures of the Parthenon there were eight of these columns at each end. .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c , .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c .postImageUrl , .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c , .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c:hover , .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c:visited , .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c:active { border:0!important; } .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c:active , .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u22fc33200ef3f7a213208d6325c7263c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Parthenon Analysis EssayThe columns that were used around the Parthenon were known as a Doric style of column. Doric columns were stouter than the Ionic and Corinthian styles of columns that existed during this time. The significance of the columns goes past just being a grand piece of architecture. The columns would vary from one another which would allow for the optical illusion that from a distance the columns looked distorted. This illusion is actually quite incredible and even when looking Within the Parthenon there were many different styles of sculptures. First there was Athena which was discussed previously and what are known as Ionic frieze, pediments, and Doric metopes. The Ionic friezes go around the outside wall of the Parthenon and measures approximately one meter high and 160 meters long14. The images depicted on this frieze are the people of Athens which shows the Panathenaic procession which was a major celebration in ancient Greece especially in Athens during this time period. The Pediments of the Parthenon are categorized into east and west sections. The west Pediment had faced the Propylaia and was showing the two Gods Athena and Poseidon during the period in which they were competing one another for honor and becoming the city’s supporter. The Doric metopes spread all the way around the building in which each side had told their own story15. On the West side the metopes were showing Greeks versus the Orientals, on the north showed the Greeks versus the Trojans16. The east side had represented the Gods versus the Giants and finally the south side had been a representation of Centaurs versus Lapiths. When the Parthenon was first built there were a total of 92 metopes and that was divided into having 32 on each of the sides and 14 on the front and back side as well. The friezes measured 325 feet long and approximately three foot in height. The statue of Athena had stood approximately 33 feet high and was made of ivory and gold. She was placed near the back of what is referred to as the central chamber of the Parthenon. Athena’s figure had been wearing a helmet and in one hand she had held a winged statue of victory and the other hand was placed on a shield. The opportunity arose to build the Parthenon after the Persians in 479 BC had destroyed the buildings that had previously sat atop the acropolis19. Once this war was over the leader of Athens Pericles had wanted to improve upon what had been previously in place hence the construction of the Parthenon began in 447 BC and the great statue of Athena was placed within the Parthenon in 438 BC20. The Parthenon was not always a place where the Greek goddess Athena was worshiped, in fact around 426 AD it was used as a Christian church. At this time the Parthenon had not been dedicated to Athena but instead to Hagia Sophia. This pattern had taken place throughout time when they switched dedication once again around the 600 AD. When going through these different dedications they had made some additions to the Parthenon including a church bell which was placed in the Parthenon along with an altar. The magnificent Parthenon had gone through many changes and the biggest was when a Venetian army had attacked Athens and the damage that the Parthenon had undergone was too much to repair and that is where it still sits and undergoes the wrath of time. The Parthenon has been around for centuries and will more than likely not be around for many more. There is only so much that can be done to preserve this magnificent building. The work that has gone into the Parthenon is amazing in itself without the fact that it was done during the fifth century BC. This is a beloved national icon within the Greek state. This being one of the most popular historical structures in the world it would be a huge loss for the world if it were to disappear. .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5 , .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5 .postImageUrl , .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5 , .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5:hover , .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5:visited , .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5:active { border:0!important; } .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5:active , .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5 .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u81a7341855361999acb951d9b0ea1cc5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The temple architecture of ancient Greece and Rome EssayBibliography: Frazer, J. G. Pausanias’s Description of Greece Vol.II Gates, Doris. The Warrior Goddess: Athena Neils, Jennifer. Cambridge University. The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present Neils, Jennifer. Cambridge University. The Parthenon Frieze Mark, Ira S. The Sanctuary od Athena Nike In Athens, Architectural Stages and Chronology Parthenon. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2014. Encyclopedia.com. (October 8, 2014). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Parthnon.html Sir Banister Fletcher. A History of Architecture. London: The Butterworth Group, 1987. Thompson, Homer A. Studies in Athenian Architecture Sculpture and Topography