Knowledge Management (KM)

Computer Calamities essays

Computer Calamities essays There's nothing worst than when a machine that you depend on so much, just decides it doesn't want to work anymore. If you run a business and your computer stops working, most of the time you do too. If this happens, your problems could range from small , something you can handle yourself, or they can be very big. In this case a professional can help. To help reduce the cost, identify the problem before you have it serviced if you can. According to some hardware and software manufactures, many people call customer service for some rather common and annoying problems. Technicians have pointed out that , people tend to overlook the obvious when diagnosing computer problems. Some of the most common questions asked are as follows: Why won't my system boot? The first thing you should check is the power cord and all other connections to make sure they are attached securely. A lot of things happen when you turn on your computer. It begins by running a diagnostic routine to make sure all system components are working properly. If your computer beeps a few times and stops working before it displays a message on your monitor, there's a chance that a critical piece of hardware has failed. It may be a good idea to seek professional help at this time. Also, you could have a dead battery if nothing happens after you hear the floppy drive whir. Your computer depends on a battery to preserve important system settings when it is cut off. Batteries can die as often as every two years. Why is my system so slow? Even if you have the fastest CPU money can buy, it won't do much good if you 're running short on memory. Today's computer should have at least 8MB of RAM to work effectively. If you can afford 16MBs, it will pay for itself with added productivity. An inefficient hard drive can also slow down your system. This can be solved by upgrading your hard drive. Fragmented files may be another reason for a ...

Training And Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Training And Development - Essay Example It can convert speech into text in real time for deaf or hard hearing students to read what is taught in the classroom. Training and development of CART needs skilled typists who also possess good auditory and verbal skills and need to be familiar with different operations of computers. Trainer must also be familiar with the course material. In training, the text is displayed in real time for deaf or hard hearing students to read on monitor or display. When the class is finished, the text is saved in a word file, which can be copied, edited, printed and disseminated to the students. Two different techniques are used in the training and development of CART to wrap as much information as possible. First is to use computerized abbreviation system to lessen keystrokes and second is the text condensing strategy to allow the transcriber to add fewer number of words devoid of losing verbal information (Ross & Marion 119). As long as the text is readable to the deaf or hard of hearing learners, it can be demonstrated in a number of different ways. If the training is provided to a solitary student, a subsequent laptop or computer can be used for a display. However, if there is not a single student but infect a group of deaf or hard of hearing students that are to be trained, a big TV or protrusion screen is a good idea to use.

Henry David Thoreau, Where I Lived and What I Lived For Essay

Henry David Thoreau, Where I Lived and What I Lived For - Essay Example â€Å"The millions are awake enough for physical labor; but only one in a million is awake enough for effective intellectual exertion, only one in a hundred millions to a poetic or divine life.† According to Thoreau, life has become so busy with the rushing railroad and the preoccupation with commerce and other such non-essential aspects of life that the average man has completely lost sight of his own worth and the true realities of life. In detailing the costs associated with building his home, including such notes as the use of refuse shingles for the roof and sides and the purchase of two second hand windows, he rails against the inflated prices and costs of living found within the town or city as a part of the capitalistic process. â€Å"I thus found that the student who wishes for a shelter can obtain one for a lifetime at an expense not greater than the rent which he now pays annually.† Having rejected the concept of ownership in the form of deeds and fences as well as condemned the process of ownership in which prices become inflated well higher than they had to be, Thoreau then moves to describe the false impressions of living space to which most people in the commercial world seem to cling. Recognizing the smallness of his home, Thoreau first indicates the unnecessary extravagance of the homes of others: â€Å"Many of our houses, both public and private, with their almost innumerable apartments, thei r huge halls and their cellars for the storage of wines and other munitions of peace, appear to be extravagantly large for their inhabitants.  Ã‚  They are so vast and magnificent that the latter seem to be only vermin which infest them.† However, he also begins to indicate how the appropriate living space isn’t just the empty rooms and built spaces of human creation, but should include the shared spaces of the outdoors, the connection with nature and the

The form and function of Concept Store Literature review

The form and function of Concept Store - Literature review Example The subsequent section provides a detailed overview of concept stores, thus giving insight into the inception of this retail store concept and the principal features that characterize it. This chapter also covers the factors that contribute to the widespread adoption of concept stores in the fashion sector, under the key drivers section. Other factors addressed under this literary analysis segment include the format of a conventional concept store, the potential size and popular locations of these retail stores, as well as, the distribution hierarchy adopted by most concept stores. The latter section provides information on strategic function, design or architectural form of a concept store, and the overall language concept of this category of stores. The concluding part of the literature review chapter identifies research gaps that exist in study information available on concept stores, their design and overall operation. The physical environment of a store is one of the principal issues that retailers are supposed to take into account when launching a business venture. This is because it plays a significant role in affecting consumers’ decision to purchase and experience the entire shopping experience. Management of a store’ retail setting, therefore, affects both parties with the store owners’ enjoying increased revenues from enhanced customer loyalty, and shoppers gaining pleasure from the ambient shopping environs. Referred to as â€Å"atmospherics† the concept of managing the physical environs of a store was initially proposed by Kotler (1973). In this case, management of the atmosphere of a store is delineated as concerted effort to conceptualize a design that evokes certain emotions, which increase purchasing probability. Stimuli spurred by in-store setting directly correlates with the amount of pleasure that customers derive from shopping at the store. Ambient aspects related to the physical background of a store usually

Sensory Systems in Animals

Sensory Systems in Animals All animals have some kind of nervous system that can receive and interpret information about its internal and external environment. Sensory organs provide a means for communication from the external environment to the internal. Sensory receptors contain receptor cells that are specialised to respond to specialised stimuli. These sensory organs may be found all over the body or in localised areas. Afferent neurons carry the sensory information from the periphery toward and into the central nervous system while the efferent neurons carry information away from the central nervous system. Sensations arising when signals initiated in sensory receptors are transmitted in certain parts of the brain, producing signals in certain parts of the brain. (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) Stimulus types possess features that can be distinguished from one another. In the body of an animal the sensory receptor cells are usually modified. For example, certain receptors detect pressure, heat, chemicals, light and even pain. The stimulus for light detection and chemical detection is different and in addition, the same type of stimulus may possess different features. This can be seen, in for example the detection of blue and red light, both being perceived as a stimulus of light. In the first part of this practical the sensory structures of a number of invertebrate organisms were studied and compared to each other. Mainly chemoreception, photoreception and mechanoreception were studied. Chemicals in the animals surrounding is detected by a number of chemoreceptors. Chemoreceptors may be divided into two main categories; olfactory (smell), which respond to airborne molecules and gustatory (taste), responding to dissolved molecules. Mechanoreceptors are made up of undifferentiated nerve endings found in connective tissue on the periphery of the animal such as the skin. More complex accessory structures have accessory structures that transfer mechanical energy to the receptive membrane. These mechanoreceptors are also able to filter the mechanical energy and they may also include the muscle stretch receptors Photoreception consists of transducing photons of light into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system and photoreceptive organs such as the eyes. These sensory structures in different animals have taken many different shapes and sizes that have been adapted to the particular environment best for them. Although quite different all the sensory structure of particular receptor has the same function of collecting information from the environment and responding in the best way possible to enhance its survival. Apparatus Light Microscope cardboard Stereomicroscope 1g-5g, 10 g, 20 g, 50, 100 g weights Pencil x3 500 mL water bath Pointed forceps heater/Bunsen to heat water Stop watch thermometer X3 5 c coins Method Refer to attached sheet Precautions The plastomounts were placed under a stereomicroscope for better viewing of small body features The same pair of forceps was used to apply the stimulus since different instruments could result in different outcomes. As much as possible the coin was placed in the sample place for all subjects since different area may have a different amount of receptors. The temperature in the water baths was measured before the experiment was conducted. This was done so that the initial temperature of the water for all the subjects would be the same. Thus the results would be more comparable. Sources of Error Due to the clothing worn the experiment of tactile response using the forceps had to be carried out over the clothing. This thus formed an extra layer that could decrease the response of the nerve. Not all the sensory structures of the organisms may have been identified. The experiments on each subject were only carried out once. More accurate results would have been obtained if carried out at least 3 times Results Part A Refer to attached diagrams Thermoreception For all 3 subjects the cold water was almost painful, while the water at 45 degrees was soothing. On placing the hand in the water at room temperature the right hand felt the water warm while the left hand (previously in the warm water) felt the water cold. Discussion Part A: Invertebrates These sensory structures in different animals have taken many different shapes and sizes that have been adapted to the particular environment best for them. These mainly have evolved from simple to more complex sensory organs that enhance the ability of the animal in collecting information from the environment and responding in the best way possible to enhance its survival. The Cnidarian Hydra, has relatively simple sensory cells scattered all over the body among the other epidermal cells, especially the mouth and tentacles. It is of utmost importance for sensory structures to be located all over the body due to the fact that the animal is radially symmetrical and can detect stimuli from all direction, including the detection of predators. The free end of every sensory cell bears a flagellum, which is the sensory receptor for chemical and tactile stimuli. The other end branches into fine processes, which synapse with nerve cells. On the surface of the animal is a modified cilia called a Cnidocil, that when simulated by any mechanical stimulation releases a nematocyst that is toxic to the predator. (Barnes Cawlow, 2002) These sense organs then lead into a diffuse nerve network, forming two interconnected nerve nets. It is of utmost importance for sensory structures to be located all over the body due to the fact that the animal is radially symmetrical and can detect stimuli from all direction, including the detection of predators. (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) From the radially symmetrical Cnidarian one can move on to the bilaterally symmetrical Platyhelminthes that is represented here by the Planaria. Here the nervous system is organised into two longitudinal nerve chords that end in the anterior of the animal. This forms an anterior head and cephalisation is introduced. (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) The Planaria, unlike the Hydra are seen to have an eye spot and auricles. The auricles are lobe like and are found on the sides of the head. The auricles act as a means of chemoreception while the eye spot serves as photoreceptor detecting light. Like the Hydra, it may also contain a statocyst for equilibrium and rheoreceptors for sensing water currents. Cephalisation allowed the animal to develop a bilaterally symmetrical shape. The animal moved forward and can detect changes in the environment with the part of the body with the most sensory organs, its anterior region. (Leineschh, 2007) The Pulmonate gastropod, belonging to the class Gastropoda is seen to further develop its sensory in the anterior of the body. In the anterior of the body the animal is seen to have paired eyes that function as photoreceptors, even though they are not capable of forming an image. Also the labial  and  cephalic tentacles  are mechanoreceptors, sensitive to tactile stimuli, and are probably also chemoreceptive.  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) The general body surface is also sensitive to chemical and mechanical stimuli.  Ã‚  The gastropod also has a structure that acts as both a mechanical and chemoreceptor. This is seen to be the osphradium  which is located in the inhalant respiratory water current where it monitors water on the way to the gill. A common structure with the previously studied animals is the statocyst which functions as a detector of gravity. (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) The next three species studied all belong to the phylum Arthropoda, but are found in different classes. The first to be studied was the Tarantula found in the class Arachnida (order Aranea). This animal has hair like receptors called sensory setae that function as mechanoreceptors all over the body of the animal. Also, in addition they have small, extremely sensitive tactile hairs called trichobothria that are sensitive to even airborne vibrations, including sound frequencies. Chemoreception is associated with fine hairs surrounding the mouth, on the pedipalps. (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) The tarantula also has 8 simple eyes that are made up of a lens, optical rods, and a retina. Even though most only can detect movement like the previously studied animals, some are able to form images. Since the spider is more accustomed to capturing prey within webs, vision is relatively unimportant and thus in most remain simple. (Underwood, 2009) Another member of the phylum Arthropoda is the scorpion, classified in the class Scorpionida. Although they are equipped with venom for defence the scorpion is still seen to be the prey of many other animals, thus they require specialised sensory structures for detection of danger. This animal is seen to possess a unique sensory structure know as a pectine. This is used primarily in detecting vibrations which are used for capturing prey. (Gaoge Smith , 2000) This is seen to be the primary chemosensory organs of scorpions. The pectines are found in the ventral medial part of body and are seen to be paired appendages that brush the substrate as the scorpion walks. Comb-like organ consists of a supportive spine and an array of teeth. Each tooth supports hundreds of setaform sensilla called pegs. The neuronal cell layer within the teeth is seen to be further divided into inner and outer sub-larninae, comprised of chemosensory and mechanosensory neurons. (Melville, 2000) Similar to the arachnids described previously, the scorpion has sensory hairs called setae that function as tactile and chemosensory hairs. These sensory hairs are also found on the pedipalps of the animal to sense air-borne vibrations. Also, thicker setae are found all over the body to detect direct touch. In contrast to the spiders the scorpions possess six pairs of eyes as part of their photoreceptor structure. The last arthropod group to be described is the centipede, classified into the sub-phylum Myiapoda and order Centipedes. These animals are seen to possess one pair of antennae instead of the usual two paid found in other arthropods. The antennae are sensory appendages found in the head of the animal that are sensitive to airborne chemicals and also possibly humidity. Similar to the planaria, Centipedes also bears a pair of simple eyes made up of ocelli. (Barnes Cawlow, 2002) Part B: Sensory function in Mammals Mechanoreception Somatosensory system has a large number of receptrors which vary in location and type. Receptors are located in the superfial skin, dermal, epidermal and depper in dermis, and in subcutaneous tissue. Meissners corpusles are located in the dermal papillae, Merkels receptors in the dermal papillae, and bare nerve endings. Subcuateous receptors, beneath both the previously mentiones layers, possess pacinian and Rufflin corpusles. Pacinian may be both cutaneous and subcutaneous. (Wang , 2007) The Pacinian corpusles are present in the skin, muscles, mesentery, tendons, and joints of mammals that are rapidly adapting. Each Pacinian corpuscle contains a region of receptor membrane that is sensitive to mechanical stimuli and that is surrounded by concentric lamellae of connective tissue structures (Anonymous, 2007) Pressure on the corpuscle transmits mechanically through the layers to the sensitive membrane of the receptor neuron. The receptor membrane normally responds with a brief, transient depolarization at both the onset and the offset of the deformation. The mechanical properties of the intact corpuscle, which preferentially pass rapid changes in pressure, confer on the receptor neuron its normally phasic response. (Randall, Berggren, French, 1997) This behaviour explains why the sensation of the coin was lost after a few seconds. The added coin did not produce enough mechanical force to excite the Pacinian corpustle once again, thus it was not felt. The time taken for the coin to stop being felt varied from person to person. This could be due to the different amount of tissue between the skin and the nerve. The thicker the less the coin is felt and the quicker is sensation is lost. A mechanoreceptors  receptive field  is the area within which a stimulus can excite the cell. If the skin is touched in two separate points within a single receptive field, the subject will be unable to feel the two separate points. If the two points touched span more than a single receptive field then both will be felt. The size of mechanoreceptors receptive fields in a given area determines the degree to which detailed stimuli can be resolved: the smaller and more densely clustered the receptive fields, the higher the resolution. For this reason, the density of the Merkel nerve endings and Meissners corpuscles determine the sensitivity of the particular area. (Wang , 2007) From the results obtained the fingertip is seen to be the most sensitive and thus will have a high density of Merkel nerve endings and Meissners corpuscles. On the other hand the fore arm is seen to be one of the least sensitive and thus will have a small density of the nerves Besides physical contact detected by mechanoreceptors, more complex accessory structures are able to transfer mechanical energy to the receptive membrane. These most complex accessory structure associate with mechanoreceptive cells is the vertebrate middle and inner ear. Hair cells are found in all vertebrate animals including humans, and are extremely sensitive mechanoreceptors. They are responsible for transducing mechanical stimuli to electrical signals. They are found in several locations. For example, in vertebrate fish and amphibians, an external set of receptors are called the lateral line system. This system is based on series of hair cells that detect motion in the surrounding water and when stimulated produces an action potential as in the mammalian ear. This lateral line is, however, not present in mammals. (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) The ears of vertebrates perform two sensory functions. The organs of equilibrium perform like the statocysts in invertebrates that allow the animal to detect its position with respect to gravity. The organ of hearing provides formation about vibrational stimuli in the environment, thus detecting sound. (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) Sound waves enter the external ear of a vertebrate aided by the pinna and the tragus. The entire external structure has a function similar to that of a funnel, amplifying and then concentrating sound waves. Vibrations from sound waves cause changes in air pressure, which travel from the external ear, down the auditory canal, and then move the eardrum. The ear converts energy of sound into nerve impulses. The vibration of the eardrum causes the fluid of the cochlea to move. The basilar membrane containing the floor of the cochlea, and the scala media, containing the organ of corti is where these vibrations undergo the conversion to neuronal impulses. The organ of corti contains sensory hair cells, and the waves of fluid in the cochlea press the hair cells against an overhanging tectorial membrane, and then pull them away. These hair cells are just across synapses from sensory neurons, and this action provides a stimulus that opens sodium channels in the sensory cell membranes. This provides for an action potential in the environment of high potassium concentrations that the endolymph has. Auditory nerves located in a spiral ganglion carry the action potential to the brain. (Randall, Berggren, French, 1997) Invertebrates, such as the insects have ears located on their thoracic legs and are associated with respiratory passages, called the trachea. The ear tympanum has an analogous function to the tympanic membrane of the mammalian ear. Similar to a mammal, sound waves stimulate the membrane to vibrate, but in the insect, this directly activates nerve impulses. (Barnes Cawlow, 2002) Some insects also have a related tracheal system that directs information on air pressure changes, inside the insect, to the eardrum. If the right tympanum is stimulated, it will send the signal through the tracheae to the left tympanum. The delay in stimulus between the left and the right ear helps the insect locate the direction from which the sound came. Webers law states that the ratio of the difference threshold to the value of stimulus is constant. According to this relationship, doubling the value of the stimulus will cause a doubling of the difference in the threshold. As seen in the results the just noticeable difference or intensity difference for the 50 g and 100 g was seen to be constant for all the subjects. Chemoreception Vertebrates, including humans detect chemicals using general receptors and two types of specialized receptors, gustatory and olfactory. Many aquatic vertebrates have generalized chemical receptors scattered over their body surface. Vertebrates usually accomplish chemoreception by moving chemically rich air or water into a canal or sac that contains the chemical receptors. Mammals together with other vertebrate have taste receptor cells located in taste buds which are supported by basal cells. Chemoreception is much different in invertebrates than in vertebrates. For example, planarians find food by following chemical gradients in their surroundings. Their simple chemoreceptors are found in pits on their bodies, over which they move water with cilia. Insects have chemoreceptors in their body surface, mouthparts, antennae, forelegs, and, in some cases, the ovipositor. Moths, for example, smell with thousands of sensory hairs on their antennae. (Barnes Cawlow, 2002) Photoreception In vertebrates such as humans, the surface of the eyeball is made up of the sclera, a white connective tissue, and under that a thin pigmented layer called the choroid. The sclera contains the cornea which is transparent, and is where light initially enters the eye, and the choroid contains the iris which contracts and expands to regulate the amount of light entering the hole in its centre, known as the pupil. The rear internal surface of the eye is the retina, which contains the actual photoreception cells. In the retina, there are two types of receptor cells, rods and cones. Rods and cones contain visual pigments made up of light absorbing retinal molecules. (Randall, Berggren, French, 1997) Compound eyes of arthropods are image forming eyes composed of many optic units called ommatidia. These are able to detect a very small fraction of the spectrum of light that the eye as a whole is exposed to; like the rods and cones of the vertebrate eye. In compound eyes, the photoreception cells are called retinular cells, and they surround a single eccentric cell. Because the receptive field of each unit in a compound eye is relatively large, compound eyes have lower visual acuity than vertebrates. (Randall, Berggren, French, 1997) Thermoreception Temperature is an important environmental variable, and many organisms acquire sensory information about temperature from the action of specialized nerve endings known as thermoreceptors, in the skin. Both the external skin and upper surface of the tongue of mammals contain warmth and cold receptors. the warmth receptors detect an increase in temperature in the environment by increasing the firing rate transient. On the contrary cold receptors increase its firing rate transient when a cool environment is detected. (Randall, Berggren, French, 1997) These receptors are quite sensitive. Their firing rate is seen to increase the more the temperature of the external environment varies from the internal body temperature of about 37 OC. when the temperature becomes sufficiently different the patter changes for both types of receptors and the frequency of the action potential is seen to drop. The response of the thermoreceptors consists of a large transient change in firing rate, followed by a longer-lasting, steady-state phase. Other sensory structures that are not present in humans also exist. For example, snakes have thermoreceptors that are able to detect emitted heat energy. This is advantageous for them to detect warm-blooded prey. Also fish are able to use very low frequency electrical signals to communicate in murky water, thus they are able to locate each other. (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) Conclusion From this experiment it was concluded that different organisms have different sensory structures adapted to their unique modes of life. One could also not that as animals become more complex, their sensory structures are also seen to be more developed. This can be seen from the evolution of the simple eye spot in planaria to the complex eye found in humans. Not only are humans seen to be able to detect movement but also colour. However, one may also note that humans do not always possess the most advanced sensory structures. This can be seen in for example, the ability of reptile snakes to detect infrared radiation. This being absent in humans.

Essay --

I have a great interest on how to help young children with challenging behaviors. I have work in the preschool field for the last 14 years and I have noticed a growth of children with challenging behaviors. Although I get support from the behavior specialist in the program, finding more information in this area will give me more skills and knowledge. I will feel more competent to serve the children and be efficient in the social emotional area. The questions that I created are questions that I want to research and educate myself to better serve the children who are having difficulties in this area. One of the ethical responsibilities to children mention on the NAEYC ideals I-1.4 say, â€Å"To appreciate the vulnerability of children and their dependence on adults.† Children of young age in our programs required that we give them the necessary skills to become competent in all areas of development including the social emotional. What is my topic? Challenging behaviors in young children Why am I interested in this topic? In recent years working with preschool age students I noticed a hig...

The Historical Development of Counselling

1. 1 Explain the historical development of Counselling Counselling and Psychotherapy began in the early 18th century. The shift in how society dealt with mental health issues came about primarily due to the advent of the popularisation of science through the beginning of the industrial revolution. Society became increasingly transient and anonymous and the responsibility for behaviour became from the individual rather than from the community as a whole. In the 1880’s Sigmund Freud developed a theory about the unconscious mind and went on to create psychoanalysis. Many therapists have been influenced by Freud and gone on to develop his theories. Freud collaborated with a number of analysts and set up the Vienna Psychoanalytic society. Notable amongst these is Carl Jung who developed Psychodynamics and focussed on dream analysis. Alfred Adler who’s most famous concept was the inferiority complex and also Otto Rank who was the secretary of the society. B. F Skinner was also influenced by Freud’s work. Skinner rejected the notion of the ‘psyche’ and developed his own theory called ‘radical behaviourism’ which is essentially the science of behaviour. Abraham Maslow developed the theory of a * Hierarchy of Human Needs (1943) Maslow believed that there where a set number of needs which had to be met before the client was able to achieve self actualisation, a term meaning the client reaching their full potential. Carl Rogers was the main proponent of person centred therapy which began in the 1940’s. This approach was Humanistic and saw the client rather than the therapist as the expert of their life. Person centred therapy believes the client holds the answers and has the power of autonomy. The counsellor is there to help facilitate this process by use of the core conditions. This humanistic approach relies less on medical knowledge and training and more on lay analysis. The principles of humanistic medicine are communication, respect and also an emotional connection between counsellor and their client. 1. 2 Explain the philosophical basis of Person Centred Counselling. The basis of the person centred approach is an optimistic outlook of individuals and a belief that people have the ability and inner resources to be able to resolve their own issues and move forward in a positive direction. It believes that all humans are innately social and constructive beings and that we are all motivated to seek the truth. We also directed by our need for self esteem Each individual’s behavior is influenced by how they perceive themselves. We are all trying to develop and be the best that we can be, and this process is guided by internal and external forces. By using the core conditions of Congruence, unconditional positive regard and empathy the counsellor is able to develop a therapeutic relationship with the client. This relationship should be based on equality and the counsellor should provide a safe environment in which the client is empowered to explore their self perception and achieve greater self awareness. This self awareness will enable the client to become secure in their self concept and go on to enable them to fulfill their full potential. 1. 3 Explain the key concept principles of Person Centred Counselling The main principles of Person Centred Counselling include a right to autonomy. No advice or guidance should be given by the counsellor as the client has the ability to self actualise and find their own answers. The ability to discover themselves achieves beneficial long term results as the client will learn how to look at their own feelings and actions in the future and become self sustaining. Rogers demonstrates a 7 Stage process of change to attempt to clarify how the client moves forward during the counselling process. At the beginning of the counselling the client will feel defensive and rigid in their thoughts. The will have poor self-awareness and have trouble recognising feelings. As the therapy continues they will undergo a graduate change encompassing the following stages. * Personal Constructs- Conditions thought of as facts and not open to change. * Internal Dialogue. A fear or avoidance of internal conversations and the client is fearful of ‘thinking too much’. * Expression. Client fearful and uncomfortable in expressing themselves * Differentiation and elaboration of experience. Clients start back seeing things in a very black and white manner with no grey areas. This change during the counselling process. * Perception of problems. Clients start off believing it is other people that have the problem but gradually come to terms with their own issues and no longer fear them. * Attitude to change. The client goes from not believing they can or should change to being open to and even relishing the possibility. * Bodily Changes. The client will have less physical symptoms of unhappiness such a headaches, irritability etc. Their feeling of contentment will manifest themselves and a healthier outlook. It needs to be recognised that every client is individual and there is no guarantee how they will go about the therapeutic process. These stages should only be looked as a guide to some of the steps the client may take. 1. 4 Explain how Person Centred Counselling would inform the practice of a qualified trained counsellor By creating a therapeutic environment in which the client feel safe to be entirely honest and open about their thoughts and feelings we can enable the client to be become self actualised and able to find a way to move forward. In order to create this environment we need to offer the client warmth, respect and a safe place where they can openly explore themselves. This offering of unconditional positive regard will enable the client to feel accepted and understood and this will encourage them to practice full self disclosure without any fear of judgement or rejection. The counsellor needs to be aware of the clients anxiety and able to enter the clients own world and develop and understanding of it. Rogers wrote *‘ It (empathy) means temporarily living in his/her life, moving about in it delicately without making judgements, sensing meanings of which he/she is scarcely aware, but not trying to uncover feelings of which this person is totally unaware, since this would be too threatening. This feeling of empathy with what the client is experiencing and ability demonstrate this understanding to the client will build a reassurance within the client that we have a deep emotional awareness of what they are experiencing. In order to achieve these conditions we firstly need to establish congruence. Rogers states ** ‘personal growth is facil itated when the counsellor is what he is, when the relationship with his client is genuine and without â€Å"front† or â€Å"facade† , openly being the feelings and attitudes which at that moment are flowing in him. The counsellor should be able to be genuine and open with their feelings and understanding and be able to demonstrate this transparency to the client during their relationship. 1. 5 Explain how the chosen model influences the understanding of the development of the self concept. The Organismic self is an internal evaluation system we are all born with. It gives us an innate awareness of how to sustain wants and needs. The organismic self has the following traits. * Spontaneous /creative/fluid * self-perpetuated/ regulated self-directing- Knows how to drive forward to goal * self-maintaining- How to keep safe and well * self-enhancing- Knows what gives pleasure * self-replicating This system is defined by Rogers as the internal locus of evaluation and can be defined in the following way: * How you feel about right/wrong- good/bad- what you want/don’t want * This is an image of the ideal self and how you perceive you should think/act *1980 – p142 **Person to Person â€⠀œ p90 As we mature we interact more with other people and our valuing system begins to change. In order to gain approval and acceptance from people around us we adapt our behaviour. The first example of this will usually be as a child trying to please and parent or guardian and may extend to family, friends, colleagues and society as whole as we get older. We develop a self concept which is how we would like to be perceived by others and is based on what we feel we should be like in order to gain love and acceptance. Rogers defines these changes as the external locus of evaluation and is: * Driven by other individuals/society Creates ideal self what how you perceive you should be * Needs approval from others to gain love an acceptance * Conditions of worth- Acting in a certain way to be loved By living with this self concept we can feel lost and conflicted about who we are. Our sense of worth is based on how we perceive other people to be reacting to us and we can develop a reliance on a need to please others in order to value ourselves. Person centred counselling aims to get the client to recognise their own inner feelings and to re-introduce them to their organismic self. By doing this we can hope to achieve wherein the Organismic self and the Self Concept overlap and we are able to live to our full potential. 1. 6 Explain why it is important to have an understanding of a therapeutic model before using its methods and techniques Unless the therapeutic model is used then a counsellor would be unable to work with the core conditions and may be unable to demonstrate congruence, unconditional positive regard and empathy. All these are vital in order for the client to feel comfortable and able to share their innermost thoughts and feelings. It is vital the counsellor and client have an awareness of professional boundaries and the counsellor has sufficient knowledge and insight to ensure the client is not left in an unsafe position. By ensuring the rules are clearly defined and the beginning of the process through the use of a contract the client will be fully aware of what they can expect from the counselling. For example, the client needs to be made aware they will not be receiving advice and they will be expected to find their own answers. The management of the expectations of the client will prevent them from feeling frustration with the counsellor and also give them a greater insight into the therapeutic process. The counsellor needs a full understanding of all the stages of the process of change in order to move the client forward and have awareness when the counselling has reached its natural conclusion. This will enable to the client to move on and not develop and over reliance on the therapy sessions. By ensuring the above conditions are met the counsellor has a solid base in which to begin the counselling and ensure the client has a positive experience.

Free Essays on Phenomenal Woman

† (Shelton 20). Angelou is a very respected individual despite the fact that she was a black woman growing up when prejudice towards blacks was a major issue and women had little or no rights. In her poems, â€Å"In My Missouri,† â€Å"Equality,† and her novel I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings it is evident that Angelou has led a very rough, but outstanding life and her life experiences are truly reflected in her writings. Angelou’s parents were more fortunate than most black families. Her father, Bailey Johnson, was a navy cook, and her mother Vixian Baxter, was a nightclub performer as well as a owner of a large rooming house in San Francisco (Andrews 19). In the early 1930’s, sadly her parents were divorced and â€Å"...her father sent her and her brother, Bailey, by train, with name tags on their wrists, to live with his mother, Momma Henderson† (Andrews 19). When Angelou turned seven years old she wished to move back to her mothers house in Missouri. When Angelou was eight years old she was raped by her mother’s boyfriend. Angelou was so devastated by the rape that she refused to speak for approximately five years. Because she was so traumatized by her rape she began reading wildly which sparked her life long career (Andrews 19). Angelou says about her own rape experience, â€Å"The act of rape on a eight-year-old body is a matter of the needle giving because the camel can’t. The child gives, because the body can and the mind of the violator can’t†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Magill 216). Angelou also wrote a poem about her mother’s boyfriend who raped her. The poem is titled â€Å"In my Missouri.† This particular poem expresses her feelings towards him. In my Missouri I had known a mean man ... Free Essays on Phenomenal Woman Free Essays on Phenomenal Woman Maya Angelou, born, Marguerite Johnson, was sent along with her brother to live with their grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas, when her parents were divorced. Growing up, she learned what it was to be a black girl in a world whose boundaries were set by whites: â€Å"As a child she always dreamed of waking to find her ‘nappy black hair’ metamorphosed to a long blonde bob because she felt life was better for a white girl than for a black girl† (Rigney 45). Despite the odds, her grandmother instilled pride in young Marguerite, with religion as an important element in their home. After five years of being apart from their mother, Marguerite and her brother, Bailey, were sent back to Saint-Louis to be with their mother. This move would change Angelou's life dramatically. While living in Saint Louis, she was raped by her mothers’ boyfriend. After which she confided in her brother what had happened, and soon the person was found dead. Young Marguerite believed her voice had killed him this caused her to become mute for nearly five years. Her dysfunctional childhood spent moving back and forth between her mother and grandmother caused her to struggle with maturity. She became determined to prove she was a woman and began to rush toward maturity. Because of her past, Maya Angelou went on to be an inspiration to men and women across the nation. She has the unique ability to challenge the divisions of race and class throughout her books of poetry and her autobiographies. Angelou is probably the most widely recognized figure of a poet in contemporary U.S. culture. Her work is found on television, in the movies, on the radio, in print, on the Internet, and at the 1993 presidential inauguration. Given this extraordinary career, she also serves as an exemplary figure to women undergoing many difficulties related to domestic violence and sexual abuse. She has been through what they are encountering, and she offers an important message ... Free Essays on Phenomenal Woman Strengths of a Woman Through the Looking Glass with Maya Angelou’s Poem â€Å"Phenomenal Woman†. As we go through life, we have many experiences such as reading poetry. It may not be fun all the time, but it is one of those things that, whether we can admit it or not, is a good experience for all of us. To write good poetry authors try to write what they know. Some write about experiences they have had, some write about how they were brought up, and some write about what they like or dislike. Maya Angelou uses these things in â€Å"Phenomenal Woman†. The poem not only shows her upbringing but also comes from life experiences and her own likes and dislikes. Maya Angelou, born April 4, 1928 as Marguerite Johnson in St. Louis, was raised in segregated rural Arkansas. Angelou and her brother lived with their grandmother. She married an American freedom fighter and lived in Cairo, where she was editor of The Arab Observer, the only English-language news weekly in the Middle East (Schafer 1). Maya grew up during The Great Depression and she suffered the brunt of segregation. â€Å"She was the first black and first woman street car conductor in San Francisco (during WWII).† Maya took a big part in the civil rights movement because of what she suffered while growing up. â€Å"In 1960-1961, she was asked by Martin Luther King Jr. to be the northern coordinator of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference† (Donegal 1). These are a few of the things that she experienced in life that help her to write meaningful poetry such as â€Å"Phenomenal Woman†. She got strength from growing up during a racially segregated time and working with strong individuals. We can see this strength through what she has accomplished thus far in her life. Some of the poetry Angelou has written is â€Å"Still I Rise†, â€Å"Men†, â€Å"Remembrance†, â€Å"A Conceit†, â€Å"Touched by an Angel†, â€Å"Refusal†, and â€Å"The Lesson† (Al... Free Essays on Phenomenal Woman Phenomenal Woman Maya Angelou was born in St. Louis, MO, on April 4, 1928, and is still alive today. As a child, she faced many hardships and traumas. When Angelou writes she has the â€Å"phenomenal power of rhythm of words† (Shelton 20). Angelou is a very respected individual despite the fact that she was a black woman growing up when prejudice towards blacks was a major issue and women had little or no rights. In her poems, â€Å"In My Missouri,† â€Å"Equality,† and her novel I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings it is evident that Angelou has led a very rough, but outstanding life and her life experiences are truly reflected in her writings. Angelou’s parents were more fortunate than most black families. Her father, Bailey Johnson, was a navy cook, and her mother Vixian Baxter, was a nightclub performer as well as a owner of a large rooming house in San Francisco (Andrews 19). In the early 1930’s, sadly her parents were divorced and â€Å"...her father sent her and her brother, Bailey, by train, with name tags on their wrists, to live with his mother, Momma Henderson† (Andrews 19). When Angelou turned seven years old she wished to move back to her mothers house in Missouri. When Angelou was eight years old she was raped by her mother’s boyfriend. Angelou was so devastated by the rape that she refused to speak for approximately five years. Because she was so traumatized by her rape she began reading wildly which sparked her life long career (Andrews 19). Angelou says about her own rape experience, â€Å"The act of rape on a eight-year-old body is a matter of the needle giving because the camel can’t. The child gives, because the body can and the mind of the violator can’t†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Magill 216). Angelou also wrote a poem about her mother’s boyfriend who raped her. The poem is titled â€Å"In my Missouri.† This particular poem expresses her feelings towards him. In my Missouri I had known a mean man ...

The Connection between the Industrialization Era Essays

The Connection between the Industrialization Era Essays The Connection between the Industrialization Era Essay The Connection between the Industrialization Era Essay The Connection between the Industrialization Era andJim Crow in relation to Denise Giardinas Storming Heaven Industrialization in the United States came about late in the 19th century immediately following the era of post-Civil War reconstruction.It was a time in which everywhere one turned, industry was successful.By the end of the 19th century, the U.S. was producing one-third of the worlds industrial goods.The railroad systems in America stretched from sea to shining sea.More immigrants were flooding into America (specifically cities) than they had in centuries in search of the American Dream. Like any other important eventin in this case erain history, the right ingredients were needed for this vast industrialization to fall into place.After all, other countries had experienced industrialization well before the U.S. had.So what made Americas unique and successful industrialization possible? The most significant aspect of Americas industrialization was transportation (specific ally, the railroad system).By the turn of the century, nearly every state in the union had a railroad running through it.This immediately made every industry, regardless of location, a nationwide industry.Even the meat industry reaped the benefits of the railroad system with the invention of the refrigerated railroad car.The turnover time improved dramatically.As a result, products could be shipped from Boston to San Francisco without having to endure a long journey on a ship. Other facets of American industrialization were important, such as the U.S. social system.This system held that, with a certain amount of hard work, you, too, can experience theAmerican Dream. This type of rags to riches attitude was expressed through Horatio Alger stories.In America, it was thought, nothing can hold you back.

Reflection Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reflection - Personal Statement Example my thanks to entail: Role of accounting in a given business, some basic accounting concepts, accrual accounting concepts, and basis accounting concepts. I managed to achieve organization in the way I handled my businesses through proper book keeping and drafting of financial records. These skills will always prove useful even in the business world as they are the foundations of accounting. Other concepts that made me a stronger individual in accounting include; financial accounting systems, internal control elements, fixed assed including liabilities (Juan, 2007). These concepts proved useful as they always played a role in business daily. As a student, I have gained much from the course, that is, intellectual and professional growth. I now believe I can manage any business better than before I joined the course through application of some of the concepts I had learnt throughout the course (Juan, 2007). I am also determined to pursue a further degree in business. I believe that through gaining more knowledge in accounting, I will become a better person in the business

Personal Profile Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal Profile Paper - Essay Example I am Joshua Leung and I come from Hong Kong. Personality wise, I am a positive person who has a tendency to look for the good in everyone. In addition, I tend to look for the positive in each situation. This can be demonstrated by my persistent in studying irrespective of the fact that I am not very talented on academic matters. However, I still set goals and struggle to achieve them. This has enabled me to achieve quite a lot academically. Moreover, being a positive person helps me deal with difficult situations without giving up since I always hope that things will eventually work out for the best. I always avoid taking offense easily. This has helped me deal with people of different kinds. Sometimes, my friends and people I come across tend to criticize me for being too ambitious. However, I appreciate constructive criticism and make use of it to improve. I consider every situation to be a learning experience and ensure that I learn from it. Additionally, being positive enables me not to be easily irritated since I do not take everything personally. On the assessment score, I scored highest on being a friendly and open person. This is true is true since I manage to cope with people from varying background. This has enabled me live peacefully in United States. I cope well with people in US irrespective of the great differences in culture. Additionally, I take responsibility and accept deal with problems that my action may create even when the situation is not comfortable. I consider myself an extrovert. since I tend to be stimulated by events as well as other people. I tend to show my feelings and love working with people in groups. Additionally, I am inclined to using my senses to interpret the word by making use of my senses and prefer practical exercises. I realized I prefer dealing with practical situations involving problem solving as opposed to theoretical issues. On the personal assessment, I had a score of 135 on the type A person. Being a type A person means that I am aggressive and struggle to achieve more in limited time. This is true because I tend to be quite impatient and often find myself striving to achieve more things in a short period. Ever since I was young, I have always considered time to be an important factor that should be spent wisely. This can be demonstrated by the little time I spend on lei sure activities. Although I spend considerable time with my friend, I always ensure that am participating in something constructive. Another thing about me is that I am very concerned about the political matters. This is because I understand that organizations are political systems. Since I hope to run my own company in the future, I believe this important. The self-assessment proved this since I scored 91 on how good I am in playing politics. Additionally, I tend to monitor myself and love possessing power. Although I consider and show concern on how other people view me, I have a strong positive self-concept. This makes me confident. However, being self-confident does not mean I consider myself better than I consider others. I have a good opinion about myself but I still have great regard for other people’s opinions. How Other People see me After discussing with my friends on what they think of me, most of them though I am creative. When faced by hard situations, my brother always asks for my help since he believes that I am good at coming up